Back
About RSIS
Introduction
Building the Foundations
Welcome Message
Board of Governors
Staff Profiles
Executive Deputy Chairman’s Office
Dean’s Office
Management
Distinguished Fellows
Faculty and Research
Associate Research Fellows, Senior Analysts and Research Analysts
Visiting Fellows
Adjunct Fellows
Administrative Staff
Honours and Awards for RSIS Staff and Students
RSIS Endowment Fund
Endowed Professorships
Career Opportunities
Getting to RSIS
Research
Research Centres
Centre for Multilateralism Studies (CMS)
Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies (NTS Centre)
Centre of Excellence for National Security
Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS)
International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR)
Research Programmes
National Security Studies Programme (NSSP)
Social Cohesion Research Programme (SCRP)
Studies in Inter-Religious Relations in Plural Societies (SRP) Programme
Other Research
Future Issues and Technology Cluster
Research@RSIS
Science and Technology Studies Programme (STSP) (2017-2020)
Graduate Education
Graduate Programmes Office
Exchange Partners and Programmes
How to Apply
Financial Assistance
Meet the Admissions Team: Information Sessions and other events
RSIS Alumni
Outreach
Global Networks
About Global Networks
RSIS Alumni
Executive Education
About Executive Education
SRP Executive Programme
Terrorism Analyst Training Course (TATC)
International Programmes
About International Programmes
Asia-Pacific Programme for Senior Military Officers (APPSMO)
Asia-Pacific Programme for Senior National Security Officers (APPSNO)
International Conference on Cohesive Societies (ICCS)
International Strategy Forum-Asia (ISF-Asia)
Publications
RSIS Publications
Annual Reviews
Books
Bulletins and Newsletters
RSIS Commentary Series
Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses
Commemorative / Event Reports
Future Issues
IDSS Papers
Interreligious Relations
Monographs
NTS Insight
Policy Reports
Working Papers
External Publications
Authored Books
Journal Articles
Edited Books
Chapters in Edited Books
Policy Reports
Working Papers
Op-Eds
Glossary of Abbreviations
Policy-relevant Articles Given RSIS Award
RSIS Publications for the Year
External Publications for the Year
Media
Cohesive Societies
Sustainable Security
Other Resource Pages
News Releases
Speeches
Video/Audio Channel
External Podcasts
Events
Contact Us
S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies Think Tank and Graduate School Ponder The Improbable Since 1966
Nanyang Technological University Nanyang Technological University
  • About RSIS
      IntroductionBuilding the FoundationsWelcome MessageBoard of GovernorsHonours and Awards for RSIS Staff and StudentsRSIS Endowment FundEndowed ProfessorshipsCareer OpportunitiesGetting to RSIS
      Staff ProfilesExecutive Deputy Chairman’s OfficeDean’s OfficeManagementDistinguished FellowsFaculty and ResearchAssociate Research Fellows, Senior Analysts and Research AnalystsVisiting FellowsAdjunct FellowsAdministrative Staff
  • Research
      Research CentresCentre for Multilateralism Studies (CMS)Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies (NTS Centre)Centre of Excellence for National SecurityInstitute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS)International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR)
      Research ProgrammesNational Security Studies Programme (NSSP)Social Cohesion Research Programme (SCRP)Studies in Inter-Religious Relations in Plural Societies (SRP) Programme
      Other ResearchFuture Issues and Technology ClusterResearch@RSISScience and Technology Studies Programme (STSP) (2017-2020)
  • Graduate Education
      Graduate Programmes OfficeExchange Partners and ProgrammesHow to ApplyFinancial AssistanceMeet the Admissions Team: Information Sessions and other eventsRSIS Alumni
  • Outreach
      Global NetworksAbout Global NetworksRSIS Alumni
      Executive EducationAbout Executive EducationSRP Executive ProgrammeTerrorism Analyst Training Course (TATC)
      International ProgrammesAbout International ProgrammesAsia-Pacific Programme for Senior Military Officers (APPSMO)Asia-Pacific Programme for Senior National Security Officers (APPSNO)International Conference on Cohesive Societies (ICCS)International Strategy Forum-Asia (ISF-Asia)
  • Publications
      RSIS PublicationsAnnual ReviewsBooksBulletins and NewslettersRSIS Commentary SeriesCounter Terrorist Trends and AnalysesCommemorative / Event ReportsFuture IssuesIDSS PapersInterreligious RelationsMonographsNTS InsightPolicy ReportsWorking Papers
      External PublicationsAuthored BooksJournal ArticlesEdited BooksChapters in Edited BooksPolicy ReportsWorking PapersOp-Eds
      Glossary of AbbreviationsPolicy-relevant Articles Given RSIS AwardRSIS Publications for the YearExternal Publications for the Year
  • Media
      Cohesive SocietiesSustainable SecurityOther Resource PagesNews ReleasesSpeechesVideo/Audio ChannelExternal Podcasts
  • Events
  • Contact Us
    • Connect with Us

      rsis.ntu
      rsis_ntu
      rsisntu
      rsisvideocast
      school/rsis-ntu
      rsis.sg
      rsissg
      RSIS
      RSS
      Subscribe to RSIS Publications
      Subscribe to RSIS Events

      Getting to RSIS

      Nanyang Technological University
      Block S4, Level B3,
      50 Nanyang Avenue,
      Singapore 639798

      Click here for direction to RSIS

      Get in Touch

    Connect
    Search
    • RSIS
    • Publication
    • RSIS Publications
    • CO08119 | Legacy of the Bali Trio: A Changing Threat Pattern from Jemaah Islamiyah
    • Annual Reviews
    • Books
    • Bulletins and Newsletters
    • RSIS Commentary Series
    • Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses
    • Commemorative / Event Reports
    • Future Issues
    • IDSS Papers
    • Interreligious Relations
    • Monographs
    • NTS Insight
    • Policy Reports
    • Working Papers

    CO08119 | Legacy of the Bali Trio: A Changing Threat Pattern from Jemaah Islamiyah
    V. Arianti

    14 November 2008

    download pdf

    Commentary

    The trio responsible for Bali Bombing I have been executed. The Indonesian authorities have received threats to expect retaliation for the executions. Will the threats materialize? What are legacies of the three bombers for the Indonesian radical community?

    THE BALI bombers trio – Imam Samudra (38), Ali Ghufron alias Mukhlas (48), and Amrozi (47) – were finally executed by an Indonesian firing squad on Sunday, 9 November 2008 at 00.15 am. The three were sentenced to death by the Denpasar District Court in 2003 for their roles in Bali Bombing I in October 2002 that killed 202 people. They had exhausted their appeals against the death penalty. Their final effort was to ask for a judicial review on the method of the execution by the firing squad, which they considered un-Islamic and torturous. This request was rejected by the Constitutional Court on 21 October 2008. Interestingly, the trio did not ask for a presidential clemency; even if they had it would have been rejected. They trio remained stubbornly anti-government until the very end.

    Run-up to the executions

    The bombers did not meet their fate quietly. For the past several months they had been urging their followers to avenge their deaths. They specifically called for the deaths of those involved in the execution decision including the Indonesian President and Vice President, Minister of Justice, attorneys general, prosecutors and others. The threat was posted on a jihadi website, though the bombers’ lawyer denied the three had written such statements. Messages to retaliate did not only occur in the cyber world; hand-written posters calling for retaliation were also found in East Java.

    In a sign of support students from the Al-Islam Pesantren in Lamongan – the home town of the bombers – sold t-shirts for Rp 20,000 (around US$2) that said “Although Amrozi and friends were executed, jihad will continue”. In the days both pre- and post-execution, Indonesian police received threats that there would be bombings in Australia as well as attacks on US embassies and shopping malls. So far, the police have detained two persons for sending SMSes threatening retaliatory attacks..

    The critical question remains: Can the calls for revenge be realized? Heightened security will reduce the threat in the short to medium term. Over the longer term, Jemaah Islamiyah (JI)’s operational capacity appears to have deteriorated to the point where it is not capable of retaliating in a significant fashion. So while their followers may be incapable of answering the calls for revenge, do the Bali Three have an ability after their deaths to impact the wider movement beyond the immediate future?

    The Legacy of the Three Bombers

    The short answer is yes. The radical community has finally gained their martyrs. The prolonged legal process permitted the most intelligent of the guilty, Imam Samudra — mastermind of the Bali attack — to write two books including: Aku Melawan Teroris (I Fight the Terrorists), published by Jazera, a JI- linked publisher, in 2004 and became a best seller, with more than 12,000 copies sold. In March 2008, eight months before his death, he published Satu Jihad Sejuta Vonis: Mengungkap Al Haq Menghalau Al-Batil (One Jihad One Million Verdicts: Revealing the Truth and Banishing The Wrong), published by Ar-Rahmah Media, a publishing company owned by Muhammad Jibril. He is a former member of JI’s Ghuraba cell in Pakistan and the son of Abu Jibril, deputy emir of the Indonesian Mujahidin Council (MMI).

    Not to be outdone, it is also reported that while in prison, Mukhlas worked on his autobiography titled “Jihad Bom Bali: Sebuah Pembelaan” (Bali Bombing Jihad: A Defence). There is however no report that the book has been published. Mukhlas also inherited a nine-minute video recording entitled “Messages to the Mujahidin Leaders” which appeared at Al-Ekhlaas, an international jihad forum. According to the website, it was based on Mukhlas’ interview with Al-Jazeera although Al-Jazeera did not in the end go on air with the segment.

    Finally, Abu Bakar Bashir’s spokesman Fauzan Al Anshary revealed that Amrozi’s biography will be published soon. These and the numerous open letters and other comments leave a large written legacy to feed the radical movement for sometime to come. Thus even though the three are dead, their ideas live on, and can serve to inspire JI and other extremists to launch attacks, and perhaps replenish the wider movement.

    Changing Threat Pattern of JI

    Following the execution, there is a critical question: Will JI’s target selection change? There are already indications of that possibility, both from the rhetoric, and the recent plot disrupted in Jakarta, targeting the city’s largest oil facility. It seems that JI has shifted, or expanded, its targeting from exclusively foreign targets to include a large local constituency. JI has not abandoned its traditional targets — tourist places, shopping malls, foreign businesses, embassies, churches and others. But added to them now seems to be the Indonesian government.

    JI began changing its tactics in 2007, partially as a result of the tighter security environment, and partially to be seen as acting. They moved from grand attacks to striking individuals, such as the intended killing of the dean of a Christian university in Central Java, initiated by JI’s main leader, Zarkasih. In addition, there were other attempts such as the successful murder of a Christian schoolteacher and a plan to murder an American school teacher by a JI-Palembang cell.

    The focus on ‘soft targets” makes action easier for JI as there are too many potential targets for the security authorities to protect.. This is not to rule out attacks on more traditional targets, such as the plot against Jakarta’s Plumpang oil depot, the largest oil fuel storage in Indonesia. Had it been disrupted, the economic impact on the Indonesian economy and Indonesian people would be severe. This demonstrates that JI continues to have the desire to disrupt the national economy and its supporting infrastructure, making JI, and its splinters, very dangerous.

    While the targets are changing, JI’s capabilities are improving as well. Rusli Mardani’s arrest in connection with the oil depot plot, also revealed that Azahari Hussin – JI’s bomb-making expert who died in a poice raid in 2005 — had successfully transferred his knowledge to his subordinates. Besides the explosive materials found in Rusli’s house, the bomb circuits are reported to be the most advanced seen in JI’s arsenal. JI’s notorious bomb makers, such as Azahari, seem to have been able to transfer their knowledge and spreading the threat.

    The Future of Radicalism in Indonesia

    Although the trio have been executed, their ideological legacy, disseminated through their writings, interviews and the radical internet, permits their ideals to live on. Their perceived martyrhood is enhanced by the large number of people — nine percent out of 200 million Muslim in Indonesia according to one 2006 poll — who felt that the Bali Bombings were justified. These individuals and groups such as MMI, Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) and Bashir’s new organisation, Jamaat Ansorut Tauhid (JAT), still believe that the government has not revealed the real mastermind of the Bali Bombings, whom they allege were not the trio.

    The ability of these and other radical ideas to flourish in Indonesia highlights the wider problem of the unchallenged ideas that inspired the tragic bombings in the first place. The execution may have brought a sense of justice, but the trio’s death may not bring peace.

    About the Author

    V. Arianti is Senior Analyst at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Nanyang Technological University. 

    Categories: RSIS Commentary Series / Terrorism Studies / Southeast Asia and ASEAN

    Commentary

    The trio responsible for Bali Bombing I have been executed. The Indonesian authorities have received threats to expect retaliation for the executions. Will the threats materialize? What are legacies of the three bombers for the Indonesian radical community?

    THE BALI bombers trio – Imam Samudra (38), Ali Ghufron alias Mukhlas (48), and Amrozi (47) – were finally executed by an Indonesian firing squad on Sunday, 9 November 2008 at 00.15 am. The three were sentenced to death by the Denpasar District Court in 2003 for their roles in Bali Bombing I in October 2002 that killed 202 people. They had exhausted their appeals against the death penalty. Their final effort was to ask for a judicial review on the method of the execution by the firing squad, which they considered un-Islamic and torturous. This request was rejected by the Constitutional Court on 21 October 2008. Interestingly, the trio did not ask for a presidential clemency; even if they had it would have been rejected. They trio remained stubbornly anti-government until the very end.

    Run-up to the executions

    The bombers did not meet their fate quietly. For the past several months they had been urging their followers to avenge their deaths. They specifically called for the deaths of those involved in the execution decision including the Indonesian President and Vice President, Minister of Justice, attorneys general, prosecutors and others. The threat was posted on a jihadi website, though the bombers’ lawyer denied the three had written such statements. Messages to retaliate did not only occur in the cyber world; hand-written posters calling for retaliation were also found in East Java.

    In a sign of support students from the Al-Islam Pesantren in Lamongan – the home town of the bombers – sold t-shirts for Rp 20,000 (around US$2) that said “Although Amrozi and friends were executed, jihad will continue”. In the days both pre- and post-execution, Indonesian police received threats that there would be bombings in Australia as well as attacks on US embassies and shopping malls. So far, the police have detained two persons for sending SMSes threatening retaliatory attacks..

    The critical question remains: Can the calls for revenge be realized? Heightened security will reduce the threat in the short to medium term. Over the longer term, Jemaah Islamiyah (JI)’s operational capacity appears to have deteriorated to the point where it is not capable of retaliating in a significant fashion. So while their followers may be incapable of answering the calls for revenge, do the Bali Three have an ability after their deaths to impact the wider movement beyond the immediate future?

    The Legacy of the Three Bombers

    The short answer is yes. The radical community has finally gained their martyrs. The prolonged legal process permitted the most intelligent of the guilty, Imam Samudra — mastermind of the Bali attack — to write two books including: Aku Melawan Teroris (I Fight the Terrorists), published by Jazera, a JI- linked publisher, in 2004 and became a best seller, with more than 12,000 copies sold. In March 2008, eight months before his death, he published Satu Jihad Sejuta Vonis: Mengungkap Al Haq Menghalau Al-Batil (One Jihad One Million Verdicts: Revealing the Truth and Banishing The Wrong), published by Ar-Rahmah Media, a publishing company owned by Muhammad Jibril. He is a former member of JI’s Ghuraba cell in Pakistan and the son of Abu Jibril, deputy emir of the Indonesian Mujahidin Council (MMI).

    Not to be outdone, it is also reported that while in prison, Mukhlas worked on his autobiography titled “Jihad Bom Bali: Sebuah Pembelaan” (Bali Bombing Jihad: A Defence). There is however no report that the book has been published. Mukhlas also inherited a nine-minute video recording entitled “Messages to the Mujahidin Leaders” which appeared at Al-Ekhlaas, an international jihad forum. According to the website, it was based on Mukhlas’ interview with Al-Jazeera although Al-Jazeera did not in the end go on air with the segment.

    Finally, Abu Bakar Bashir’s spokesman Fauzan Al Anshary revealed that Amrozi’s biography will be published soon. These and the numerous open letters and other comments leave a large written legacy to feed the radical movement for sometime to come. Thus even though the three are dead, their ideas live on, and can serve to inspire JI and other extremists to launch attacks, and perhaps replenish the wider movement.

    Changing Threat Pattern of JI

    Following the execution, there is a critical question: Will JI’s target selection change? There are already indications of that possibility, both from the rhetoric, and the recent plot disrupted in Jakarta, targeting the city’s largest oil facility. It seems that JI has shifted, or expanded, its targeting from exclusively foreign targets to include a large local constituency. JI has not abandoned its traditional targets — tourist places, shopping malls, foreign businesses, embassies, churches and others. But added to them now seems to be the Indonesian government.

    JI began changing its tactics in 2007, partially as a result of the tighter security environment, and partially to be seen as acting. They moved from grand attacks to striking individuals, such as the intended killing of the dean of a Christian university in Central Java, initiated by JI’s main leader, Zarkasih. In addition, there were other attempts such as the successful murder of a Christian schoolteacher and a plan to murder an American school teacher by a JI-Palembang cell.

    The focus on ‘soft targets” makes action easier for JI as there are too many potential targets for the security authorities to protect.. This is not to rule out attacks on more traditional targets, such as the plot against Jakarta’s Plumpang oil depot, the largest oil fuel storage in Indonesia. Had it been disrupted, the economic impact on the Indonesian economy and Indonesian people would be severe. This demonstrates that JI continues to have the desire to disrupt the national economy and its supporting infrastructure, making JI, and its splinters, very dangerous.

    While the targets are changing, JI’s capabilities are improving as well. Rusli Mardani’s arrest in connection with the oil depot plot, also revealed that Azahari Hussin – JI’s bomb-making expert who died in a poice raid in 2005 — had successfully transferred his knowledge to his subordinates. Besides the explosive materials found in Rusli’s house, the bomb circuits are reported to be the most advanced seen in JI’s arsenal. JI’s notorious bomb makers, such as Azahari, seem to have been able to transfer their knowledge and spreading the threat.

    The Future of Radicalism in Indonesia

    Although the trio have been executed, their ideological legacy, disseminated through their writings, interviews and the radical internet, permits their ideals to live on. Their perceived martyrhood is enhanced by the large number of people — nine percent out of 200 million Muslim in Indonesia according to one 2006 poll — who felt that the Bali Bombings were justified. These individuals and groups such as MMI, Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) and Bashir’s new organisation, Jamaat Ansorut Tauhid (JAT), still believe that the government has not revealed the real mastermind of the Bali Bombings, whom they allege were not the trio.

    The ability of these and other radical ideas to flourish in Indonesia highlights the wider problem of the unchallenged ideas that inspired the tragic bombings in the first place. The execution may have brought a sense of justice, but the trio’s death may not bring peace.

    About the Author

    V. Arianti is Senior Analyst at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Nanyang Technological University. 

    Categories: RSIS Commentary Series / Terrorism Studies

    Popular Links

    About RSISResearch ProgrammesGraduate EducationPublicationsEventsAdmissionsCareersVideo/Audio ChannelRSIS Intranet

    Connect with Us

    rsis.ntu
    rsis_ntu
    rsisntu
    rsisvideocast
    school/rsis-ntu
    rsis.sg
    rsissg
    RSIS
    RSS
    Subscribe to RSIS Publications
    Subscribe to RSIS Events

    Getting to RSIS

    Nanyang Technological University
    Block S4, Level B3,
    50 Nanyang Avenue,
    Singapore 639798

    Click here for direction to RSIS

    Get in Touch

      Copyright © S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. All rights reserved.
      Privacy Statement / Terms of Use
      Help us improve

        Rate your experience with this website
        123456
        Not satisfiedVery satisfied
        What did you like?
        0/255 characters
        What can be improved?
        0/255 characters
        Your email
        Please enter a valid email.
        Thank you for your feedback.
        This site uses cookies to offer you a better browsing experience. By continuing, you are agreeing to the use of cookies on your device as described in our privacy policy. Learn more
        OK
        Latest Book
        more info